What type of assessments are typically relied upon to evaluate overall student progress?

Summative assessments are designed to evaluate overall student progress by measuring what students have learned at the end of an instructional unit or course. These assessments often occur after a significant learning period and are intended to provide a comprehensive overview of students’ knowledge and skills. They typically focus on the achievement of learning objectives and the effectiveness of the instructional methods employed. Examples of summative assessments include final exams, standardized tests, and end-of-term projects.

In contrast, formative assessments are ongoing evaluations that occur during the instructional process, aimed at monitoring student learning and providing immediate feedback to improve teaching and learning strategies. Diagnostic assessments are used prior to instruction to identify students' existing knowledge and skills, helping to inform instructional planning. Peer assessments involve students evaluating each other’s work, which can provide insights but is not the primary method for measuring overall student progress in an educational program. Thus, summative assessments are the most effective tool for reporting on overall achievement and growth.